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Member of the PartQuest Explore Development Team. Focused on modeling and simulation of analog, mixed-signal and multi-discipline systems covering a broad range of applications, including power electronics, controls and mechatronic systems.

Description

This "Live" example design includes a simple analog electronic amplifier, intended only to demonstrates the importance of multi-discipline system modeling.

A swept frequency response test, from 40 Hz to 1000 Hz, shows the effect of the complex amplifier loading by the voice-coil and speaker-cone dynamics*. The electro-mechanical resonances strongly affect the current that must be supplied, in order to maintain a flat (controlled) output voltage over the specified frequency range. For example, the current in the voice-coil reaches a null at time 0.1 seconds, which corresponds to the effective "spring-mass" resonance frequency (60 Hz). The loudspeaker reaches its minimum impedance around 600 Hz, or at 0.6 seconds where the peak load current is observed.

The simulation results also show that the average power (q1/npn/pwr_avg) in the BDP947 BJT exceeds its 5 Watt rating across the entire range, but especially at lower frequencies. The red "hot part monitor", with the junction to ambient thermal resistance set to 10 C/Watt, as given in the datasheet, shows the part temperature rising to over 100 C. These diagnostic indicators make it obvious that we need a bigger transistor!

All of the parameters in blue can be changed by the user and a new simulation run. The updated scope waveform results will show the effect of that change. You can change the electrical resistance and inductance of the voice-coil, as well as the speaker cone mass and linear spring rate that affect the resonance frequency.

* Note: Please refer to this companion example, that shows the input impedance frequency response of the loudspeaker alone:

https://www.systemvision.com/design/loudspeaker-only-frequency-response

LVDT Position Sensing System

Mike Donnelly
Designer19

Mike Donnelly

Member for

10 years 8 months

designs

groups

Member of the PartQuest Explore Development Team. Focused on modeling and simulation of analog, mixed-signal and multi-discipline systems covering a broad range of applications, including power electronics, controls and mechatronic systems.

Description

A Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) and analog signal conditioning circuit are used for a position sensing system. An oscillator provides a sinusoidal excitation signal to the primary winding of the LVDT. The differential secondary winding outputs are rectified and low-pass filtered. The difference voltage, which is proportional to the mechanical displacement of the LVDT core, is the measurement result.This virtual prototype can be used to select the low pass filter frequency, so it is low enough that the oscillation frequency is mostly removed from the output signal, yet high enough to track the natural frequency of mechanical system the sensor is intended to measure. It can also be used to analyze parasitic effects, such as the resistance of the wires connecting the sensor to the signal conditioning circuits. This resistance affects the output voltage and therefore corrupts the measurement results. Likewise, the non-linear behavior of the rectifier diodes affects the linearity of the position measurement.This can be seen if the force input is slowly ramped from -1000N to 1000N over a 1 second interval.

Three Phase Power System

Mike Donnelly
Designer19

Mike Donnelly

Member for

10 years 8 months

designs

groups

Member of the PartQuest Explore Development Team. Focused on modeling and simulation of analog, mixed-signal and multi-discipline systems covering a broad range of applications, including power electronics, controls and mechatronic systems.

Description

Automotive Electrical Power Distribution System

Mike Donnelly
Designer19

Mike Donnelly

Member for

10 years 8 months

designs

groups

Member of the PartQuest Explore Development Team. Focused on modeling and simulation of analog, mixed-signal and multi-discipline systems covering a broad range of applications, including power electronics, controls and mechatronic systems.

Description

This automotive electrical power distribution system example includes multiple vehicle sub-systems and components. It supports sizing analysis for wires and fuses, under both static and transient loading conditions. This includes multi-discipline (i.e. electro-thermal-mechanical) dynamic operations such as incandescent lamp in-rush current and motor start-up conditions. The example also demonstrates the special characteristics and design considerations needed for constant power loads, such as switching converters used in LED Driver circuits.

This system also uses a special “direction sensitive” current monitor model that can help identify sneak circuits (i.e. unintended current paths), such as the one found in the “door-ajar”, ignition switch, chime and dome lamp interconnect circuit. Challenge: See if you can find it before running the simulation!

After you run the simulation, a "Component Messages" window will pop up and show several problems with the system. These include a "reverse current detected" (i.e. current flow in the opposite direction from the expected) in the wire that carries current to the dome lamp to indicate a door is ajar. Current reversals are often due to a "sneak circuit" in design, which can lead to undesired function or behavior of the system. In this case, the reverse current is showing that if the driver puts the key in the ignition and turns on the dome lamp to read a map, the warning chime will sounds even though there are no doors ajar!

The other message indicates that the fuse supplying the flasher circuit has blown, shortly after the hazard flasher is turned on. Clearly this fuse is undersized to supply all 4 flasher lamps together, but operates fine with when just 2 are operated for normal turn signaling. You can try other operational conditions for this system to test for proper fuse sizing. For example, try changing the LED constant power pulse_value to 50W instead of 20W. You can also change the fan inertia to 200u Kg*meter^2, up from 100u. To fix the problem caused by the increase motor inertia (and correspondingly longer time transitioning for stall to normal operating load current), try increasing the fan fuse I^2*T value from 5 to 36, to represent the performance of a slower-blowing fuse.

Copy of PID Speed Control Loop - Continuous - on Mon, 07/15/2024 - 10:25

Designer0

Member for

4 years 6 months

designs

groups

Description

This example shows a motor speed control loop that uses a PID control strategy (Proportional, Integral and Derivative), with continuous function blocks representing the controller up to the ideal voltage motor drive.

The parameter values of the generic DC motor model were calibrated to represent an FRC - First Robotics Competition CIM Motor, as described in the article “<a href="https://www.systemvision.com/blog/first-robotics-frc-motor-modeling-may-6-2016">First Robotics (FRC) Motor Modeling</a>”. The voltage drive, the motor and the mechanical fan load were “assembled” using a conservation-based modeling approach. This approach to system modeling is much like assembling a hardware prototype, and does not require the user to develop an analytical model of the “plant” being controlled. Both the static and dynamic system characteristics “emerge” naturally from the model, simply because they are connected on the schematic. Additional electrical circuit components, mechanical loads and other “physical” elements can easily be added by simply placing them on the schematic and “wiring” them together. In fact, a more detailed implementation of the motor drive is shown in the companion example, “<a href="https://www.systemvision.com/groups/mikedonnellys-workspace/designs/pid-speed-control-loop-switching">PID Speed Control Loop – Switching</a>”. In that example, a design for the logic and power electronics needed to implement a PWM-based, switched MOSFET H-bridge drive is included.

Because this version simulates very quickly compared to the switching version, it is well suited for early validation of the control strategy and PID tuning, as well as loop stability and frequency response analysis. Note that the P, I and D "gains" for this nominal design were computed using the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziegler%E2%80%93Nichols_method">Ziegler-Nichols</a> classic PID tuning method.

Another version of this design, which simulates quickly but includes the important and practical aspect of a limited drive voltage range, is show in “<a href="https://www.systemvision.com/groups/mikedonnellys-workspace/designs/pid-speed-control-loop-continuous-and-limited">PID Speed Control Loop – Continuous and Limited</a>”. It is instructive to compare the speed step response between that design and this one.

Copy of Loudspeaker with Simple Amplifier - on Mon, 06/10/2024 - 15:59

Designer0

Member for

4 years 6 months

designs

groups

Description

This "Live" example design includes a simple analog electronic amplifier, intended only to demonstrates the importance of multi-discipline system modeling.

A swept frequency response test, from 40 Hz to 1000 Hz, shows the effect of the complex amplifier loading by the voice-coil and speaker-cone dynamics*. The electro-mechanical resonances strongly affect the current that must be supplied, in order to maintain a flat (controlled) output voltage over the specified frequency range. For example, the current in the voice-coil reaches a null at time 0.1 seconds, which corresponds to the effective "spring-mass" resonance frequency (60 Hz). The loudspeaker reaches its minimum impedance around 600 Hz, or at 0.6 seconds where the peak load current is observed.

The simulation results also show that the average power (q1/npn/pwr_avg) in the BDP947 BJT exceeds its 5 Watt rating across the entire range, but especially at lower frequencies. The red "hot part monitor", with the junction to ambient thermal resistance set to 10 C/Watt, as given in the datasheet, shows the part temperature rising to over 100 C. These diagnostic indicators make it obvious that we need a bigger transistor!

All of the parameters in blue can be changed by the user and a new simulation run. The updated scope waveform results will show the effect of that change. You can change the electrical resistance and inductance of the voice-coil, as well as the speaker cone mass and linear spring rate that affect the resonance frequency.

* Note: Please refer to this companion example, that shows the input impedance frequency response of the loudspeaker alone:

https://www.systemvision.com/design/loudspeaker-only-frequency-response

Copy of LVDT Position Sensing System - on Mon, 05/06/2024 - 14:04

Designer0

Member for

4 years 6 months

designs

groups

Description

A Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) and analog signal conditioning circuit are used for a position sensing system. An oscillator provides a sinusoidal excitation signal to the primary winding of the LVDT. The differential secondary winding outputs are rectified and low-pass filtered. The difference voltage, which is proportional to the mechanical displacement of the LVDT core, is the measurement result.

This virtual prototype can be used to select the low pass filter frequency, so it is low enough that the oscillation frequency is mostly removed from the output signal, yet high enough to track the natural frequency of mechanical system the sensor is intended to measure. It can also be used to analyze parasitic effects, such as the resistance of the wires connecting the sensor to the signal conditioning circuits. This resistance affects the output voltage and therefore corrupts the measurement results. Likewise, the non-linear behavior of the rectifier diodes affects the linearity of the position measurement.This can be seen if the force input is slowly ramped from -1000N to 1000N over a 1 second interval.

Copy of Automotive Electrical Power Distribution System - on Wed, 05/01/2024 - 13:51

Designer0

Member for

4 years 6 months

designs

groups

Description

This automotive electrical power distribution system example includes multiple vehicle sub-systems and components. It supports sizing analysis for wires and fuses, under both static and transient loading conditions. This includes multi-discipline (i.e. electro-thermal-mechanical) dynamic operations such as incandescent lamp in-rush current and motor start-up conditions. The example also demonstrates the special characteristics and design considerations needed for constant power loads, such as switching converters used in LED Driver circuits.

This system also uses a special “direction sensitive” current monitor model that can help identify sneak circuits (i.e. unintended current paths), such as the one found in the “door-ajar”, ignition switch, chime and dome lamp interconnect circuit. Challenge: See if you can find it before running the simulation!

After you run the simulation, a "Component Messages" window will pop up and show several problems with the system. These include a "reverse current detected" (i.e. current flow in the opposite direction from the expected) in the wire that carries current to the dome lamp to indicate a door is ajar. Current reversals are often due to a "sneak circuit" in design, which can lead to undesired function or behavior of the system. In this case, the reverse current is showing that if the driver puts the key in the ignition and turns on the dome lamp to read a map, the warning chime will sounds even though there are no doors ajar!

The other message indicates that the fuse supplying the flasher circuit has blown, shortly after the hazard flasher is turned on. Clearly this fuse is undersized to supply all 4 flasher lamps together, but operates fine with when just 2 are operated for normal turn signaling. You can try other operational conditions for this system to test for proper fuse sizing. For example, try changing the LED constant power pulse_value to 50W instead of 20W. You can also change the fan inertia to 200u Kg*meter^2, up from 100u. To fix the problem caused by the increase motor inertia (and correspondingly longer time transitioning for stall to normal operating load current), try increasing the fan fuse I^2*T value from 5 to 36, to represent the performance of a slower-blowing fuse.

Copy of Three Phase Power System - on Mon, 04/15/2024 - 15:40

Designer0

Member for

4 years 6 months

designs

groups

Description

Copy of LVDT Position Sensing System - on Fri, 03/22/2024 - 21:03

Designer0

Member for

4 years 6 months

designs

groups

Description

A Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) and analog signal conditioning circuit are used for a position sensing system. An oscillator provides a sinusoidal excitation signal to the primary winding of the LVDT. The differential secondary winding outputs are rectified and low-pass filtered. The difference voltage, which is proportional to the mechanical displacement of the LVDT core, is the measurement result.

This virtual prototype can be used to select the low pass filter frequency, so it is low enough that the oscillation frequency is mostly removed from the output signal, yet high enough to track the natural frequency of mechanical system the sensor is intended to measure. It can also be used to analyze parasitic effects, such as the resistance of the wires connecting the sensor to the signal conditioning circuits. This resistance affects the output voltage and therefore corrupts the measurement results. Likewise, the non-linear behavior of the rectifier diodes affects the linearity of the position measurement.This can be seen if the force input is slowly ramped from -1000N to 1000N over a 1 second interval.